Грамматическая тема «-ing формы»

(причастие, герундий, отглагольное существительное)
Способы различия:
  1. по функции в предложении
  2. по дополнительным грамматическим признакам
  3. по свойствам:
Participle – обладает свойствами глагола и прилагательного/наречия
Gerund – обладает свойствами глагола и существительного
Verbal Noun – обладает свойствами существительного
Функции и граммати-ческие признаки
Причастие
Participle
Герундий
Gerund
  1. Подлежащее
——
Reading is his hobby.
  1. Дополнение
——
He likes reading.
  1. Часть сказуемого
вспом. гл.”to be”+P I
He is reading now.
смысл. гл.”to be”+G
His hobby is reading.
  1. Определение
левое и правое
a reading student
the student reading a book
только правое и всегда с предлогом “of / for”
the rules of reading
the book for reading
  1. Обстоятельство
Reading such texts he uses a dictionary.
предлог + Gerund
By reading such texts he enlarges his vocabulary.

Отглагольное существительное с окончанием “-ing” (Verbal Noun)

Данное отглагольное существительное имеет только внешнее сходство с Gerund Indefinite, так как не может иметь форм времени и не выражает залога, поскольку в отличие от Gerund обладает только свойствами существительного.
Характеристика:
  1. Употребляется с артиклем или местоимением
The reading of such literature is useful.
His reading of poetry is wonderful.
  1. Может иметь форму множественного числа
The readings of our scientific society will begin next week.
  1. Может определяться прилагательным
We were impressed by his wonderful reading.
  1. После отглагольного существительного не может стоять прямое дополнение
The reading of scientific literature is very important.
Сравните:
Reading scientific literature is very important.



ЗАДАНИЯ
Переведите на английский язык предложения

1. The making of pasta has been known for many centuries. 2. The purpose of using sugar in confectionery production is clear. 3. Main sweetening agents are cane and beet sugars. 4. Candy manufacturing began rapidly to develop due to inventing confectionery machinery. 5. Machines cleaning and grading cacao beans were introduced only at the end of the 18th century. 6. The increasing popularity of macaroni products required more efficient technology. 7. At the beginning of the 20th century advanced equipment was introduced into food processing. 8. There are many factors affecting the development of new types of pasta. 

Переведите на английский язык словосочетания
А. специалисты, работающие в хлебопекарной промышленности; машины, сортирующие продукцию; инженер, сконструировавший этот агрегат; кондитеры, производящие различные кондитерские изделия; устройство, контролирующее температуру;

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